The influence of temperature plays a pivotal role in various aspects of metal additive manufacturing (AM), including melt-pool dimensions, defect distribution, and microstructure formation. Consequently, understanding temperature dynamics provides valuable insights for part design, process planning, and control. However, physics-based models are computationally inefficient for inverse design and real-time applications. To overcome this, we utilize machine learning techniques to create surrogate models capable of real-time simulations while maintaining high fidelity across diverse scenarios.
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